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Knowledge articles (40)

Ethnic minority customs

Chicken Feet Divination at Tet: The Custom of Predicting Crop Fortune Among Ethnic Minorities

Chicken feet divination at Tet and the new rice ceremony of ethnic minorities aims to predict fate and crops for the new year.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Nung People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs, and Main Festivals

The Nung live mainly in Vietnam's northeastern provinces and speak a Tay-Thai language. Their customs center on ancestor worship and festivals.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

Vietnam's Community of 54 Ethnic Groups: Official List, Distribution and Shared Cultural Traits

Vietnam recognises 54 ethnic groups under the 1979 official list, with the Kinh majority and 53 minority groups spread across all regions.

Folk belief

Rain Praying Festival of the Thai Ethnic People: Agricultural Beliefs and Cultural Identity

Explore the rain praying festival of the Thai people in Northwest Vietnam: origins, rituals, spiritual meanings, and its role in agricultural community life.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The San Diu Ethnic Group: Where They Live, Their Language, Customs of Worship and Main Festivals

The San Diu are one of Vietnam's 54 ethnic groups, speaking a Guangdong Chinese dialect in the northern midlands, with distinctive worship customs.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The San Chay People (Cao Lan, San Chi): Residence, Language, Worship Practices and Main Festivals

The San Chay people include the Cao Lan and San Chi groups of northeast Vietnam. Their languages, stilt houses, altars and festivals are covered here.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Ngái People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Ngái are one of Vietnam's 54 ethnic groups, with a very small population living scattered across Quảng Ninh, Hải Phòng, Bắc Giang, Lạng Sơn and Cao Bằng.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Khơ Mú People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs, and Main Festivals

The Khơ Mú speak a Mon-Khmer language and live in Yên Bái, Sơn La, Lai Châu, Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An, worshipping five spirits.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Khang People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Khang people speak a Mon-Khmer language and live mainly in Lai Chau and Son La. Their worship customs and main festivals are covered here.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

Tay Ethnic Group: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs, and Main Festivals

The Tay are Vietnam's largest ethnic minority. They live in northeastern valleys, speak a Tay-Thai language, worship ancestors, and hold long tong festivals.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Co Ho People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Co Ho live mainly in Lam Dong, speak a Mon-Khmer language, follow a matrilineal system and worship Yang and Cha spirits.

Folk belief

Traditional Rain Praying Festival of Northern Delta Residents in Hung Yen

The Rain Praying Festival in Hung Yen honours the Four Dharma Goddesses with palanquin processions and the Danh Trang game, a wet-rice farming ritual.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Ma Ethnic Group: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Ma live in Lam Dong and Dong Nai, speak a Mon-Khmer language with no script, worship Yang spirits and hold a buffalo sacrifice after harvest.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

La Ha People: Residence, Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The La Ha people live in Yen Bai and Son La, with a 2019 population of 10,157. Their housing, marriage and worship customs are covered here.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Phu La People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Phu La people include the Phu La Lao, Phu La Den and Phu La Han groups, living in Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Yen Bai and Lai Chau.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The O Du Ethnic Group: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The O Du people speak a Mon-Khmer language and live mainly in Tuong Duong, Nghe An, known for the thunder welcoming festival and the house spirit cult.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Lo Lo People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Lo Lo live in Ha Giang, Cao Bang and Lao Cai, speak a Tibeto-Burman language, and are split into the Flowery Lo Lo and Black Lo Lo.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Pu Peo People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Pu Peo number 903 people as of 2019, living in Ha Giang and speaking a Ka Dai language. Learn their worship customs, weddings, funerals and Tet festivals.

Ethnic minority customs

The Rong House in the Cultural Life of the Central Highlands Ethnic Groups

The Rong house is the cultural and spiritual heart of Central Highlands villages, hosting rituals, dispute resolution, and production planning.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Ê Đê People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Ê Đê live mainly in Đắk Lắk, southern Gia Lai, western Phú Yên and Khánh Hòa, speak a Malayo-Polynesian language and follow matrilineal customs.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Xtieng People: Residence, Language, Worship Customs, and Main Festivals

The Xtieng speak a Mon-Khmer language and live mainly in Binh Phuoc. Their residence, language, worship customs, and main festivals are covered here.

Ethnic minority customs

What Makes the Customs of Vietnam's Ethnic Minorities So Distinctive?

Vietnam's ethnic minorities have their own marriage rites, house-building practices and worship, shaped by environment and indigenous beliefs.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

Co People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Co live in northwestern Quang Ngai and southwestern Quang Nam, speak a Mon-Khmer language, and hold a buffalo sacrifice as their largest festival.

Traditional crafts

Dong Ho Folk Paintings: From Woodcut Blocks to an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Tet

Dong Ho folk painting, a 500-year craft in Bac Ninh, uses woodblock printing and natural colors. UNESCO listed it as heritage in need of urgent safeguarding.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Cho Ro People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Cho Ro live in Dong Nai's low mountains, speak a Mon-Khmer language, and hold a yearly rice spirit rite plus a forest spirit rite every three years.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

Khmer Ethnic Group: Residence, Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Khmer (Kho Me) numbered 1,319,652 in the 2019 survey, live mainly in the Mekong Delta, speak a Mon-Khmer language, and worship Buddha and ancestors.

Traditional festivals

National Mong Ethnic Culture Festival: Highland Colors Converge

The National Mong Ethnic Culture Festival rotates among provinces with large Mong populations. Its 4th edition is in Dien Bien in October 2026.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

Ba Na Ethnic Group: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Ba Na live in Gia Lai, Kon Tum and western Binh Dinh, Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa, speak a Mon-Khmer language and keep many community festivals.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

Chu Ru people: where they live, their language, worship customs and main festivals

The Chu Ru are one of Vietnam's 54 ethnic groups, living in Lam Dong and Ninh Thuan and speaking a Malayo-Polynesian language.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

Xo Dang Ethnic Group: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Xo Dang include the Xo Teng, To Dra, Mnam, Ca Dong, Ha Lang, Ta Tri and Chau subgroups in Kon Tum, Quang Nam and Quang Ngai, with worship of Kiak spirits.

Glossary

What is Hầu đồng?

Hầu đồng, also called lên đồng or hầu bóng, is the central ritual of Mother Goddess worship in Vietnam, where a medium incarnates the Four Palaces spirits.

Glossary

What is Đông Tứ Trạch?

Dong Tu Trach is a group of four dwelling orientations (Kham, Chan, Ly, Ton) in Bat Trach feng shui, tied to people of Dong Tu Menh.

Regions

Northwest Vietnam Culture: Communities, Beliefs, Festivals and Traditional Crafts

Northwest Vietnam culture covers ethnic communities, harvest rituals, seasonal festivals and crafts like weaving, embroidery, forging and silver carving.

Ethnic minority customs

Ancient Leaf Books of the May People, a Chut Ethnic Subgroup

Ancient leaf books of the May people, a Chut subgroup, held incantations and ritual texts, and the artisans who can read them have nearly vanished.

Ethnic minority belief

Tày Beliefs and Festivals: Then Singing, the Tính Lute, and the Lồng Tồng Festival

The Tày of Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn and Tuyên Quang keep Then singing, the tính lute, and the Lồng Tồng festival, a heritage UNESCO inscribed in 2019.

Festival customs

The Origin and Meaning Behind the Name "Tết Nguyên Đán"

The name "Tết Nguyên Đán" comes from "Tiết," a marker in the agricultural calendar, and "Nguyên Đán," meaning the first morning of the new year.

Traditional crafts

Tra Dong Ancient Bronze Casting Village - A Thousand-Year Vietnamese Soul

Tra Dong bronze casting village in Thanh Hoa, over 1,000 years old, keeps hereditary secrets of clay mold making and alloy blending.

Folk belief

The Mountain and Forest Spirit Worship of the Ruc People (Chut Ethnic Group)

The Ruc, a Chut subgroup in the Truong Son mountains, worship mountain and forest deities and hold that the dead return to the sacred forest.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

Thai Ethnic Group: Residence, Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

Vietnam's Thai ethnic group includes the Black and White branches, speaks the Tay-Thai language, lives in ban-muong villages, and worships ancestors.

Vietnam's ethnic communities

The Giay People: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals

The Giay live mainly in Lao Cai, Ha Giang and Lai Chau, speak a Thai-Kadai language, and keep an altar with three incense bowls.