The Cong Ethnic Group: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals
Vietnam's Cong people live mainly in Lai Chau, speak a Tibeto-Burman language and keep ancestor worship and their own festivals.
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The self-designation of the La Chí ethnic group is Cù Tê. Other names commonly encountered include Thổ Đen, Mán, Xá, and in the Government's list of names, La Ti and Mán Chí are also recorded. These names come from the way neighbouring groups refer to them or from administrative classification over different periods.
From the article “The La Chi People: Settlement, Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals”
Vietnam's Cong people live mainly in Lai Chau, speak a Tibeto-Burman language and keep ancestor worship and their own festivals.
The Lự people speak a Tày-Thái language and live mainly in Lai Châu, with worship customs and festivals tied to their own calendar.
The Tay are Vietnam's largest ethnic minority. They live in northeastern valleys, speak a Tay-Thai language, worship ancestors, and hold long tong festivals.
Vietnam's ethnic minorities have their own marriage rites, house-building practices and worship, shaped by environment and indigenous beliefs.
Vietnam recognises 54 ethnic groups under the 1979 official list, with the Kinh majority and 53 minority groups spread across all regions.
Ong Cong Ong Tao is the folk term for the three Kitchen Gods, Tao Quan, who watch over household affairs and report to the Jade Emperor.
Tết Hoa mào gà is the biggest yearly festival of the Cống in Điện Biên; in Pa Thơm it falls near the full moon of the 10th lunar month. Rites and meaning.
The Khmer (Kho Me) numbered 1,319,652 in the 2019 survey, live mainly in the Mekong Delta, speak a Mon-Khmer language, and worship Buddha and ancestors.
Vietnam's Thai ethnic group includes the Black and White branches, speaks the Tay-Thai language, lives in ban-muong villages, and worships ancestors.
The Lao in Vietnam call themselves Thay and Thay Duon, speak a Tay-Thai language, live in Dien Bien, Lai Chau and Son La, and keep ancestor altars.
The Bo Y ethnic group includes the Bo Y and Tu Di subgroups in Ha Giang and Lao Cai, with two language families and distinct worship and festival customs.
Quan Cong worship among Vietnam's Chinese community, seen through temples in Chau Doc and Ca Mau that serve as places of worship and cultural centers.
The Ruc, a Chut subgroup in the Truong Son mountains, worship mountain and forest deities and hold that the dead return to the sacred forest.
The Dao are one of Vietnam's 54 ethnic groups. Where they live, their Hmong-Dao language, ancestor and Ban Vuong worship, and cap sac rites.
The Muong ethnic group speaks a Viet-Muong language and lives mainly in Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa and Phu Tho, with mo epics, festivals and worship customs.
The Mang are one of Vietnam's 54 ethnic groups, living mainly in Lai Chau and speaking a Mon-Khmer language. Their worship customs and festivals are covered.
The Xo Dang include the Xo Teng, To Dra, Mnam, Ca Dong, Ha Lang, Ta Tri and Chau subgroups in Kon Tum, Quang Nam and Quang Ngai, with worship of Kiak spirits.
The Ma live in Lam Dong and Dong Nai, speak a Mon-Khmer language with no script, worship Yang spirits and hold a buffalo sacrifice after harvest.
The Hoa (Han) are one of Vietnam's 54 ethnic groups: where they live, their language, ancestor worship customs, and festivals like Tet Nguyen tieu.
The Ba Na live in Gia Lai, Kon Tum and western Binh Dinh, Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa, speak a Mon-Khmer language and keep many community festivals.
The O Du people speak a Mon-Khmer language and live mainly in Tuong Duong, Nghe An, known for the thunder welcoming festival and the house spirit cult.
The Mong ethnic group (Meo, H'Mong) had 1,393,547 people in the 2019 census, including White, Flowered, Red, Black, and Green Mong subgroups.
Thổ Công and Thổ Địa guard the land of a Vietnamese home, distinct from the wealth-focused Thần Tài, worshipped as a triad with Thổ Kỳ.
The San Diu are one of Vietnam's 54 ethnic groups, speaking a Guangdong Chinese dialect in the northern midlands, with distinctive worship customs.
The Tien Cong Festival on Ha Nam Island, Quang Ninh runs to the 7th day of the first lunar month, with rites of carrying the elderly.
The ông Công ông Táo ceremony on the 23rd of the 12th lunar month sends the three Kitchen Gods to heaven to report on the family's deeds to the Jade Emperor.
Explore the unique wedding customs of the Muong people in Thanh Hoa: from elopement and ancestor worship to bride-price negotiations and wedding day taboos.
A look at eyebrow shapes in Vietnamese face reading: Quan Cong, La Han, tiger brow, sword brow, willow leaf, sparse brows, brow bone and key cautions.
Vietnamese worship customs vary by region and ethnicity through environment, migration, and cultural exchange, not through one practice being more correct.
The Rong house is the cultural and spiritual heart of Central Highlands villages, hosting rituals, dispute resolution, and production planning.
The National Mong Ethnic Culture Festival rotates among provinces with large Mong populations. Its 4th edition is in Dien Bien in October 2026.
Tay weddings move through proposal, engagement, Tet visit and the wedding, with the matrilocal custom of a bride staying with her mother until pregnancy.
Ancient leaf books of the May people, a Chut subgroup, held incantations and ritual texts, and the artisans who can read them have nearly vanished.
The Công Đồng Bắc Lệ Temple Festival in Tân Thành Commune, Lạng Sơn runs from the 18th to 20th of the 9th lunar month, with the palanquin bathing rite.
UNESCO recognized the Gong Culture Space of the Central Highlands in 2005. Gongs shape the spiritual life of the Ê Đê, Ba Na and Gia Rai.
Explore the rain praying festival of the Thai people in Northwest Vietnam: origins, rituals, spiritual meanings, and its role in agricultural community life.
The Ê Đê live mainly in Đắk Lắk, southern Gia Lai, western Phú Yên and Khánh Hòa, speak a Malayo-Polynesian language and follow matrilineal customs.
The Lo Lo live in Ha Giang, Cao Bang and Lao Cai, speak a Tibeto-Burman language, and are split into the Flowery Lo Lo and Black Lo Lo.
The Hre live in western Quang Ngai and An Lao in Binh Dinh, speak a Mon-Khmer language and hold the buffalo sacrifice as their largest rite.
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