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Knowledge articles (40)

Folk belief

The Animistic Spiritual Life of the Bru-Van Kieu People

The Bru-Van Kieu of the Truong Son mountains follow animism, believing all things have a soul. Shamans link humans to the spirit world in rituals.

Ethnic minority belief

H'Mông Beliefs and Festivals: Animism, Khèn Masters, and the Gầu Tào Festival

H'Mông (Mông) animist beliefs in highland Vietnam, where khèn masters guide souls in funeral rites and the Gầu Tào festival honours children.

Ethnic minority belief

Beliefs and Festivals of the Thái People in Northwest Vietnam: Xên Bản Xên Mường and Hạn Khuống

The Thái of Vietnam's Northwest follow animist beliefs with guardian spirits and hold the Xên Bản Xên Mường rites and Hạn Khuống festival.

Ancestor worship

Hung Kings Worship - Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

The Hung Kings Worship, a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage, reflects Vietnam's tradition of remembering the source when drinking water.

Historical figures

Ba Chua Xu of Sam Mountain: From Southern Folk Belief to Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

The Via Ba Chua Xu festival at Sam Mountain joined UNESCO's heritage list in 2024, blending Kinh, Cham, Khmer and Hoa beliefs.

Regions

Hue Culture: Rituals, Mother Goddess Worship, and the Life of the Ancient Capital

Hue culture blends Nguyen dynasty court ritual with folk belief, Mother Goddess worship, and festivals like the Am Hon ceremony and Hue Nam Temple festival.

Folk belief

The Mother Goddess Worship of Tam Phu and the Hau Dong Ritual in Vietnamese Spiritual Life

The Mother Goddess Worship of Tam Phu venerates the Holy Mothers and deities of the universe, guiding people toward a practical life.

Folk belief

Vietnamese Ancestor Worship: Beliefs and Practices

Vietnamese ancestor worship centers on the family altar, death anniversaries and the moral duty of remembering one's roots.

Folk belief

What Does Vietnamese Folk Belief Encompass?

Vietnamese folk belief includes ancestor worship, deity worship, Mother Goddess religion, agricultural beliefs, and rituals of many ethnic groups.

Regions

South Central Coast Coastal Culture: Whale Worship, the Cau Ngu Festival, and Fishing Village Life

Whale worship and the Cau Ngu festival form the spiritual core of South Central Coast fishing villages, tied to the sea and fishermen's beliefs.

Historical figures

The Worship of Ong Hoang Bay - the National Defense General at Bao Ha Temple

Ong Hoang Bay, a Le Dynasty general, is worshipped at Bao Ha Temple in Lao Cai, blending hero veneration with Mother Goddess beliefs.

Folk belief

Đạo Mẫu – Vietnamese Mother Goddess Worship (Tam Phủ / Tứ Phủ)

Đạo Mẫu is Vietnam's indigenous Mother Goddess religion, honoring female deities of Heaven, Earth, Water and Mountains, inscribed by UNESCO in 2016.

Historical figures

Worship of Ba Chua Kho and the Year-Opening Custom of Borrowing Luck

Ba Chua Kho of the Ly Dynasty, her legends, the year-opening custom of borrowing luck and the rituals at her temple in Bac Ninh.

Folk belief

Nang Hai Festival (Moon Mother) - Fertility Belief of the Tay People in Cao Bang

The Nang Hai Festival of the Tay people in Cao Bang is a national intangible cultural heritage honoring the Moon Mother and her 12 fairy daughters.

Tet and seasonal rites

Lantern Festival of the Chinese Community in Cho Lon and the Belief in Thien Hau

The Lantern Festival in Cho Lon, a national intangible cultural heritage, centers on the belief in Thien Hau Thanh Mau at ancient assembly halls.

Traditional festivals

Cau Ngu Festival: The Whale Worship Belief of Central Vietnam Fishermen

Cau Ngu festival honors the Whale God in central Vietnam, with fishermen praying for safe seas and good catches through rituals that bind the community.

Folk belief

Fertility Worship in Traditional Vietnamese Culture

Fertility worship in Vietnam, or tín ngưỡng phồn thực, hopes for flourishing life and harvests. It appears in Linga–Yoni symbols and the Trò Trám festival.

Traditional festivals

Phu Day Festival: The Center of Mother Lieu Hanh Worship

The Phu Day Festival in Nam Dinh, held in the third lunar month, honors Saint Mother Lieu Hanh with Chau Van singing and Hau Dong mediumship.

Folk belief

The Worship of Ong Ta in Southern Vietnamese Folk Culture

The worship of Ong Ta, a land-protecting deity in Southern Vietnam, comes from the Khmer Neak Ta and reflects Viet-Khmer cultural exchange.

Historical figures

Saint Mother Lieu Hanh: The Only Female Saint in the Four Immortals and the Mother Goddess Worship of the Three Realms

Saint Mother Lieu Hanh, the only female saint among the Four Immortals, is tied to the three descents to earth and to the Three Realms Mother Goddess worship.

Life-cycle rites

The Cúng Mụ Rite and the Belief in the 12 Midwife Goddesses

Explore the origin and role of the 12 Bà Mụ in Vietnamese folk belief, female deities believed to shape a newborn's body and bestow blessings.

Ethnic minority belief

Beliefs and Rituals of the Ê Đê People

The Ê Đê of Đắk Lắk follow a matrilineal system and worship the Yang spirits. Their grave-abandonment rite sends the dead to the ancestors.

Ethnic minority belief

Beliefs and Festivals of the Cham People

The Cham community follows three religious streams: Cham Bàlamôn, Cham Bàni and Cham Islam, each with its own festivals, from Katê to Ramưwan.

Folk belief

Village Guardian Deity Worship (Thành Hoàng) in Vietnamese Culture

Thành Hoàng is the guardian deity believed to protect each Vietnamese village, worshipped at the communal đình. Its origins, deity types and royal decrees.

Regions

Northwest Vietnam Culture: Communities, Beliefs, Festivals and Traditional Crafts

Northwest Vietnam culture covers ethnic communities, harvest rituals, seasonal festivals and crafts like weaving, embroidery, forging and silver carving.

Folk belief

The Legend of Sacred Forests in the Beliefs of the Pu Péo People

Explore the sacred forest beliefs of the Pu Péo, an ethnic minority in Hà Giang, to understand their culture, customs, and unique relationship with nature.

Regions

Southern Vietnamese Culture: Village Communal Houses, the Worship of the Lady Goddesses, Dialect and an Open Way of Life

Southern Vietnamese culture blends village communal houses, worship of the Lady goddesses and a vivid dialect shaped by frontier settlement.

Regions

Nghe Culture: Vi and Giam Folk Singing, the Tradition of Scholarly Pursuit, and Religious Life in the Nghe Tinh Region

Nghe culture spans Nghe An and Ha Tinh, home to UNESCO-listed vi and giam folk singing and a long tradition of scholarly pursuit.

Ethnic minority belief

Beliefs and Festivals of the Khmer Krom People

Theravada Buddhism sits at the center of Khmer Krom spiritual life, with the village pagoda and major festivals such as Chol Chnam Thmay and Ok Om Bok.

Vietnamese astrology

Huu Bat Star: One of the Six Auspicious Stars in Zi Wei Dou Shu

Huu Bat is one of the Six Auspicious Stars in Zi Wei Dou Shu, symbolizing assistance, support and good fortune for the destiny holder.

Folk belief

Rain Praying Festival of the Thai Ethnic People: Agricultural Beliefs and Cultural Identity

Explore the rain praying festival of the Thai people in Northwest Vietnam: origins, rituals, spiritual meanings, and its role in agricultural community life.

Folk belief

How Do Belief and Superstition Differ Under Vietnamese Law?

Vietnam's 2016 Law on Belief and Religion separates protected belief from banned superstition, with fines and criminal penalties.

Folk belief

The Origins of the Worship of Thần Tài - Ông Địa in Vietnamese Culture

The worship of Thần Tài and Ông Địa in Vietnamese culture blends Chinese influence with ancient Thổ Địa beliefs, tracing a shift from farming to trade.

Folk belief

Whale Worship (Cá Ông) Among Vietnamese Fishing Communities

Cá Ông worship reveres whales as guardian spirits in Vietnamese fishing communities, with roots in the Cham sea god Po Riyak.

Historical figures

Nang Han - Legendary Female Heroine in the Beliefs of the White Thai People

Nang Han, the White Thai heroine who disguised herself as a man to lead 16 Thai regions against invaders, is honored in a festival each lunar year.

Traditional crafts

Thon Cao Incense Village - Preserving the Beauty of Vietnamese Spiritual Beliefs

Thon Cao incense village in Hung Yen is Northern Vietnam's largest incense-making craft village, its 18th-century craft tied to ancestress Dao Thi Khuong.

Folk belief

The Worship of Ca Ong: The Guardian Deity of Central Vietnamese Fishermen

Ca Ong worship among central Vietnamese fishermen: its origins, rituals, tomb architecture and the maritime beliefs behind a whale seen as a rescuer at sea.

Historical figures

Worship of Chua Thac Bo: Two Female Generals from the Le Loi Era in Hoa Binh

Chua Thac Bo in Hoa Binh honours two female generals from the Le Loi era who ferried provisions across the Da River for his army.

Folk belief

The Mountain and Forest Spirit Worship of the Ruc People (Chut Ethnic Group)

The Ruc, a Chut subgroup in the Truong Son mountains, worship mountain and forest deities and hold that the dead return to the sacred forest.

Ethnic minority belief

Tày Beliefs and Festivals: Then Singing, the Tính Lute, and the Lồng Tồng Festival

The Tày of Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn and Tuyên Quang keep Then singing, the tính lute, and the Lồng Tồng festival, a heritage UNESCO inscribed in 2019.