The Cong Ethnic Group: Where They Live, Their Language, Worship Customs and Main Festivals
Vietnam's Cong people live mainly in Lai Châu, speak a Tibeto-Burman language and keep ancestor worship and their own festivals.
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Over time a village may add other deities due to village mergers, the emergence of a new locally significant historical figure, or the integration of local nature or craft deities into its folk belief. As a result, quite a few đình worship two or even three Thành Hoàng together.
From the article “Village Guardian Deity Worship (Thành Hoàng) in Vietnamese Culture”
Vietnam's Cong people live mainly in Lai Châu, speak a Tibeto-Burman language and keep ancestor worship and their own festivals.
The Lô Lô people of Mèo Vạc, Hà Giang reenacted their Rain Prayer and Village Cleansing rituals at the 2024 Lô Lô Cultural Festival.
Thành Hoàng is the guardian deity believed to protect each Vietnamese village, worshipped at the communal đình. Its origins, deity types and royal decrees.
The Lự people speak a Tày-Thái language and live mainly in Lai Châu, with worship customs and festivals tied to their own calendar.
The Si La people live in Mường Tè, Lai Châu, speak a Tibeto-Burman language, worship ancestors, and hold the altar rite, New Year and new rice festivals.
The Tay new rice festival on the 10th day of the tenth lunar month in Thái Nguyên includes family offerings and a village ceremony.
Whale worship and the Cầu Ngư festival form the spiritual core of South Central Coast fishing villages, tied to the sea and fishermen's beliefs.
Spirit chronicles and imperial edicts show how villages and the state shaped the Thành Hoàng, and why Southern communal houses worship other origins too.
Red River Delta culture centres on village life, communal houses, pagodas, village gates and worship. A close look at Đường Lâm, Phù Lưu and Phúc Xá.
Worship in Nghệ An through three studies: ancestral rites at lineage halls, the three temples of Kim Lũy village, and đền Cuông, with lunar festival dates.
Southern Vietnamese culture blends village communal houses, worship of the Lady goddesses and a vivid dialect shaped by frontier settlement.
Phong tục in English is custom, tập quán is usage, and truyền thống is tradition. See how the three differ, plus a vocabulary table of Vietnamese customs.
The Lô Lô people in Hà Giang hold an ancestor worship ceremony, a national intangible heritage, with the Ma Co dance in grass costumes as its highlight.
Village communal houses differ across the Northern Delta, the South, and the Mekong Delta waterways in architecture, deities, and festivals.
Vạn Thắng agarwood carving in Vạn Ninh, Khánh Hòa is a family trade over 100 years old, with 400 households and 700 workers, now eyed for community tourism.
Văn Trai Thượng incense village in Hưng Yên makes handmade incense from natural herbs, creating fragrant, low-smoke sticks.
Vạn Phúc silk weaving village in Hà Đông, Hanoi, holds over 1,000 years of history and National Intangible Cultural Heritage status.
Thôn Cao incense village in Hưng Yên is Northern Vietnam's largest incense-making craft village, its 18th-century craft tied to ancestress Đào Thị Khương.
Trà Đông bronze casting village in Thanh Hóa, over 1,000 years old, keeps hereditary secrets of clay mold making and alloy blending.
Sinh Village wrestling festival in Lại Ân Village, Hue, falls on the 10th day of the first lunar month and follows the muddy back, white belly rule.
Phường Đúc bronze casting village in Hue has a 400-year history, known for worship items and bells made through mold making and bronze pouring.
Chèo is the folk musical theatre of the Red River Delta, played on a mat in the communal house yard, with old plays such as Quan Âm Thị Kính.
Hát xẩm is a northern Vietnamese folk singing craft dated to about the 14th century, sung at markets, village yards and on Hanoi trams.
Việt Bắc and Northeast Vietnam are two names with different scopes. This article analyses Then singing, market fairs, village life and local variations.
Ngũ Xã bronze casting village in Hanoi has over 400 years of history, known for sophisticated techniques and artworks of Thăng Long spirit.
Đại Bái village in Bắc Ninh is the cradle of bronze casting in Northern Vietnam, with about 1000 years of history and refined engraving art.
Mỹ Nghiệp village in Ninh Thuận keeps the Cham brocade weaving craft alive, tied to the legend of Goddess Pô Nagar and its heritage today.
Cá Ông worship reveres whales as guardian spirits in Vietnamese fishing communities, with roots in the Cham sea god Po Riyak.
Làng Chuông village in Thanh Oai, Hanoi keeps its centuries-old conical hat craft alive through spinning techniques and hidden stitches.
The Pà Thẻn live in Hà Giang and Tuyên Quang and speak a Hmông-Dao language. Their customs include ancestor worship and the new rice ceremony.
Hue culture blends Nguyen dynasty court ritual with folk belief, Mother Goddess worship, and festivals like the Am Hon ceremony and Huệ Nam Temple festival.
Đọi Tam drum village in Hà Nam has made drums for over 1,000 years, using buffalo skin and jackfruit wood and an artisan's ear for sound.
Vietnamese ancestral worship trays reflect regional character: the North favors formality, the Central region is lavish, and the South is simple yet refined.
Fertility worship in Vietnam, or tín ngưỡng phồn thực, hopes for flourishing life and harvests. It appears in Linga–Yoni symbols and the Trò Trám festival.
Vietnam's Thai ethnic group includes the Black and White branches, speaks the Tay-Thai language, lives in ban-muong villages, and worships ancestors.
Tet Doi is a festival of the Muong people in Thu Cúc commune, Phú Thọ, to invite the 'rice maidens' back to the village.
The Lê Chân Female General Festival in Hải Phòng honors the founder of An Biên village with rituals each second lunar month.
The Hung Kings Worship, a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage, reflects Vietnam's tradition of remembering the source when drinking water.
Ông Hoàng Mười Temple Festival in Nghệ An holds its main ceremony on the 10th day of the tenth lunar month, tied to Mother Goddess worship.
Vietnamese ancestor worship varies by region, ethnicity and setting, from the central altar to Cửu huyền thất tổ honored in some southern communal houses.
Từ Đạo Hạnh, Nguyễn Minh Không and Dương Không Lộ in Lĩnh Nam chích quái are tales of wonder about three monks of the Lý era, told as tales.
Giỗ hậu is the custom of people without heirs giving money or land to their clan, village, or pagoda to be offered ancestor rituals after death.
What to bring to a Vietnamese pagoda at New Year: incense, flowers, fruit and other vegetarian offerings, and which altar to pay respects at first.
Thổ Công and Thổ Địa guard the land of a Vietnamese home, distinct from the wealth-focused Thần Tài, worshipped as a triad with Thổ Kỳ.
Year-end tạ đất rites are usually held outdoors in the yard, indoors only in cramped homes; offerings vary by region, with no fixed number of chè bowls.