Who are bà cô ông mãnh, and why are they worshipped separately beneath the ancestral altar?
Bà cô ông mãnh are kin who died young and unmarried, honoured at a small altar under the ancestral altar because the young do not sit level with elders.
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Why is the bà cô ông mãnh altar usually placed beneath the hương án rather than beside it?
The reason the books give is youth: these figures may not sit level with the elders. Toan Ánh (2001) writes that because of their youth they must be worshipped in a lower position; Song Mai and Quỳnh Trang (2006) compare it to children not being allowed to sit at the same tray as adults. This is a folk belief, not a mandatory rule.
From the article “Who are bà cô ông mãnh, and why are they worshipped separately beneath the ancestral altar?”
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